FéeFilleFée: 2016

Title : Sabtu Bersama Bapak

Author : Adhitya Mulya

Genre : Fiksi

Rating : 7.8/10

“Hai, Satya! Hai, Cakra!” Sang Bapak melambaikan tangan.

“Ini Bapak.

Iya, benar kok, ini Bapak.

Bapak cuma pindah ke tempat lain. Gak sakit. Alhamdulillah, berkat doa Satya dan Cakra.

…

Mungkin Bapak tidak dapat duduk dan bermain di samping kalian.

Tapi, Bapak tetap ingin kalian tumbuh dengan Bapak di samping kalian.

Ingin tetap dapat bercerita kepada kalian.

Ingin tetap dapat mengajarkan kalian.

Bapak sudah siapkan.

Ketika punya pertanyaan, kalian tidak pernah perlu bingung ke mana harus mencari jawaban.

I don’t let death take these, away from us.

I don’t give death, a chance.

Bapak ada di sini. Di samping kalian.

Bapak sayang kalian.”

Ini adalah sebuah cerita. Tentang seorang pemuda yang belajar mencari cinta. Tentang seorang pria yang belajar menjadi bapak dan suami yang baik. Tentang seorang ibu yang membesarkan mereka dengan penuh kasih. Dan…, tentang seorang bapak yang meninggalkan pesan dan berjanji selalu ada bersama mereka.

Satu hal yang terfikir oleh saya ketika selesai membaca Sabtu Bersama Bapak. Ini adalah buku parenting yang bagus. Daripada menyebutnya sebagai buku fiksi, saya lebih suka menggolongkan buku ini ke dalam buku panduan parenting. Ya, karena pesan-pesan di dalamnya sangat cocok dijadikan panduan untuk mendidik anak (dan mencari jodoh serta membangun rumah tangga yang baik sepertinya).

Buku ini memang sudah terbit cukup lama, tahun 2014. Teman-teman saya juga sudah tamat membaca buku ini. Sedangkan saya baru selesai membaca buku ini beberapa hari lalu karena filmnya sudah terbit. Saya memang ingin membaca bukunya terlebih dahulu, karena kebiasaan buruk saya, kalau sudah nonton filmnya, pasti nanti akan malas untuk membaca bukunya. Yah saya memang suka telat heboh sih kalau menyangkut buku terbitan lokal...

Ceritanya cukup menyentuh dan mengharukan. Terlebih karena alasan pribadi, buku ini hampir dapat membuat saya menangis. Pesan-pesan yang terkandung di dalamnya sangat banyak dan mudah dicerna sehingga saya berani untuk memberikan nilai yang cukup tinggi untuk buku ini. Beberapa pesan yang terkandung dalam buku ini sangat membukakan pandangan saya dan membuat saya banyak belajar. Beberapa pesan juga sangat menusuk hati dan kadang bikin meleleh sendiri kalau dibayangkan (ini bagian cerita Saka yang mencari jodoh). Beberapa juga sangat quote-able, jadi cocok buat yang suka mengutip quote-quote untuk diposting di media sosial.

Tapi yang saya sayangkan dari buku ini adalah beberapa bagian cerita yang mengandung unsur sensual. Padahal buku ini juga banyak dibaca oleh remaja-remaja berusia di bawah 17 tahun. Saya pun membaca buku ini dengan meminjam dari adik sepupu saya yang masih duduk di bangku SMP. Ketika saya membaca bagian cerita yang mengandung unsur sensual tersebut dan mengetahui kalau adik sepupu saya sudah membaca cerita itu terlebih dahulu jadi membuat saya malu. Yang baca dan nulis siapa, malah saya yang malu...

***

Title : Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children

Author : Ransom Riggs

Genre : Dark Fantasy

Rating : 8.1/10

After his grandfather's murder, apparently by a make-believe creature, 16-year-old Jacob Portman goes to Wales to learn more about his grandfather's life. He finds that his grandfather lived in a derelict orphanage for "peculiar children". That is where he meets Emma, a "strikingly pretty" girl who can control fire. She uses time travel to take him back to 1940 to meet Miss Peregrine, the orphanage director, who lives with the other children in a "time loop". Jacob enjoys spending time with the other peculiar children such as Millard, who is invisible, and Bronwyn, who has incredible strength. In the pub where Jacob is staying, he hears stories of mysterious deaths in the region, and he warns the peculiar children. They tell Jacob that the deaths were caused by the "hollows" or "hollowgasts," the same monsters that killed his grandfather. Jacob later learns that he too is peculiar, and realizes only he can see the monsters and stop the killings.

After Jacob (with Emma's help) kills one of the hollows, Miss Peregrine is kidnapped. The children rescue Miss Peregrine, but she is in bird form and cannot change back to human form. Ultimately the peculiar children must find another time loop when theirs fails to reset. A loop must be reset every day by its owner – in this case, Miss Peregrine – and she is trapped as a bird, causing the loop to disappear and forcing the children to find a new home.

At the first sight, I thought that it was a horror/thriller novel, but it’s not. Only a little bit ‘dark’.

The first time I saw this book, my friend told me that it’ll be a coming soon movie this year. And I remember that I’ve already seen the trailer on YouTube, so I decided to read this book. Reading a novel before the movie will be the first experience for me. But again, even watching the trailer before the movie is a bad idea. I regretted it as soon as I read the story.

It was a great story, surely. But it’s a little bit creepy because of the black and white photographs inside the book. When I read the book at night, I often skipped the page that includes a creepy photograph. But, the photograph also goes along well and support the story, and I think that Ransom Riggs succeeded in making this into a dark fantasy book. The photographs will help the reader to imagine how the charracters should look like.

There’s no complaint I can give for the story. Ransom Riggs has already done a pretty good job writing it. I can feel the fear, tension, and the other emotion through this book. Oh, I think that I can guess the plot in one part of the story. But it’s okay since the whole story seems satisfying.

The only thing that I regret about the story is, I’ve already known that the movie will be different from the book (that’s why I said that I regretted watching the trailer before the book). But, the movie will have nothing to do with my appraisal of the book, so that I think 8.1/10 is a pretty good score for this book.

***

Title                       : Wildwood (Wildwood Chronicles #1)
Author                  : Colin Meloy
Illustrator            : Carson Ellis
Genre                   : Fantasy
Rating                   : 7.5/10

Prue McKeel’s life is ordinary. At least until her baby brother is abducted by a murder of crows. And then things get really weird.

You see, on every map of Portland, Oregon, there is a big splotch of green on the edge of the city labeled "I.W." This stands for "Impassable Wilderness." No one’s ever gone in—or at least returned to tell of it.

And this is where the crows take her brother.

So begins an adventure that will take Prue and her friend Curtis deep into the Impassable Wilderness. There they uncover a secret world in the midst of violent upheaval, a world full of warring creatures, peaceable mystics, and powerful figures with the darkest intentions. And what begins as a rescue mission becomes something much bigger as the two friends find themselves entwined in a struggle for the very freedom of this wilderness.

A wilderness the locals call Wildwood.

This is the book with a beautiful illustration as its cover, the reason why I bought this book. Honestly, I’m so in love with the illustration in this book, I even don’t mind with the thickness of this book (it’s 541 page novel!) cause I’m so in love! Carson Ellis surely did a wonderful job in this book.

And for the story, Colin Meloy did a good job as well. Usually I didn’t really like books with a lot of pages in it (more than 450 pages) because I’ll need more time to finish the book and I’ll forget the story often (since, I think, I have a short term memory). It will end up with me not understanding the story at the end. And I hate it when I don’t understand the story from the book I’ve bought. It’s a waste of money. BUT, it didn’t happen with this book. Surprisingly!

I really enjoyed read this book. The story is interesting. At first, I really need a long time to finish the first chapter because I think it was just so so. First impression is important for a thick book like this and I didn’t find it really good in this book. But as I read more, the story starting to become more interesting.

The other problem that I find about this book is, I think this book could be a little thinner. Colin Meloy wrote the story in a very detail narration. A little bit too much little detail, I think. When I read the story, I skipped a lot of words, about the little detail (some words that I really don’t understand what it should be meaning). Although I did that, I still can understand what the story about. So, I think, that if Colin Meloy reduce the little detail (with the hard words), the book will become thinner and more fun to read.

But, in the end, Colin Meloy still keep a secret about Curtis’s story. That’s, I believe, will be revealed in the second book, Under Wildwood. The secret will be enough to make the reader curious about the next book. And so I think 7.5/10 is a fair score for this book.

PS: Honestly, now I realize, why I always give a small score for the books I’ve read? Is it too small?

***

Subsea systems should be monitored or inspected regularly, internally and externally. The inspection can provide such information as: geometry variation (dent, wrinkle, buckle, etc.), wall thickness variation (metal loss), corrosion, crack, leak, etc.

The advantages and disadvantages of internal and external inspections are as follows:

Internal inspection: Applicable for inaccessible (buried or concrete/insulation coated) pipes. May have to shut-down the system to send pigs. Pigs may be stopped or lost due to pipe buckle or pressure loss due to large hole on the pipe.
External inspection: Applicable for un-piggable line. No need to shut-down the system. Good for partial suspicious area inspection, such as manifold, jumper connection, riser, etc.

Self-crawling intelligent pigs have been developed to perform the In-line inspection (ILI) without interrupting the production. The external inspections or integrity monitoring systems are performed by ROV or tools mounted on the pipeline.

Magnetic and ultrasonic tools are commonly used to detect corrosion, crack, geometry and wall thickness variations. Detecting a leak as early as possible will reduce the environmental damage. The current leak detection systems available for subsea pipelines are:

Ultrasonic - transmit ultrasonic waves and receive/record reflected waves
Acoustics - monitor/detect noise or pressure change being created by a rupture or sudden leak
Dye detectors - detect optical fluorescent leak visually by a laser beam
Fiber optics - detect leaks by hydrophones, accelerometers, temperature monitoring sensors installed on a distributed fiber optic cable along the pipeline
Flow balance - detect leak by monitoring volumetric flow rate, pressure, and temperature

The effective integrity monitoring and management planning allows the operator to reduce uncertainties and risks associated with riser fatigue, corrosion build-up, hydrate plug or wax formation conditions, etc.

The subsea integrity monitoring service providers include:

Genesis SIG (Subsea Integrity Group)
Come Monday, Inc.
IICORR (Integrity Inspection Corrosion)
Fugro Structural Monitoring (FSM)
2H Offshore
MCS
DeepSea Monitoring Solutions (DMS), etc.

Source:

Lee, Jaeyoung. Introduction to Offshore Pipelines and Risers. 2007.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which consists of aromatics, paraffins, naphthenics, resins, asphaltenes, diamondoids, mercaptans, etc. When the temperature of crude oil is reduced, the heavy components of oil, like paraffin/wax (C18–C60), will precipitate and deposit on the pipe wall. The pipe internal diameter will be reduced with wax deposition, resulting in higher pressure drop.Wax deposition problems can become so severe that the whole pipeline can be completely blocked. It would cost millions of dollars to remediate an offshore pipeline that is blocked by wax.

Wax varies in consistency from that of petroleum jelly to hard wax with melting points from near room temperature to over 100°C. Wax has a density of around 0.8 g/cm^ and a heat capacity of around 0.140 W/(mK).

In subsea system, following issues caused by waxes should be addressed by flow assurance analysis:

Deposition in flowlines, gradual with time but can block pipelines;
Gelation of crude oil during shut-in;
High start up pressures and high pumping pressures due to higher viscosity;
Insulation for pipeline increases capital expense;
Wax inhibitors increases operational expense;
Pigging operation in offshore environment,
Wax handling in surface facilities - needs higher separator temperature.

Several methods of wax control and management are practiced by production operations, but the transportation of crude oil over a long distance in subsea system demands significant planning and forethought. The wax management strategy generally is based on one or more of the following methods,

Flowline pigging,
Thermal insulation and pipeline heating,
Inhibitor injection,
Coiled-tubing technology.

The most common method of wax control is flowline pigging if the wax has formed. The solid deposit is removed with regularly removing the wax layer by the scouring action of the pig. Chemical inhibitors can also help control the wax deposition, although these chemicals are not always effective and tend to be expensive. In case that the flowline pigging option for the production lines is not practical, particularly for subsea completions, wax deposition is controlled by maintaining fluid temperatures above the cloud point for the whole flowline.

Source:

Lee, Jaeyoung. Introduction to Offshore Pipelines and Risers. 2007.

Guo, Boyun, Shanhong Song, Jacob Chacko, Ali Ghalambor. USA. 2005.

Bai, Yong and Bai, Qiang. Subsea Pipelines And Risers. USA: Elsevier Inc. 2005.

Flow assurance is required to determine the optimum flowline pipe size based on reservoir well fluid test results for the required flowrate and pressure. As the pipe size increases, the arrival pressure and temperature decrease. Then, the fluid may not reach the destination and hydrate, wax, and asphaltene may be formed in the flowline. If the pipe size is too small, the arrival pressure and temperature may be too high and resultantly a thick wall pipe may be required and a large thermal expansion is expected.

It is important to determine the optimum pipe size to avoid erosional velocity and hydrate/ wax/asphaltene deposition. Based on the hydrate/wax/asphaltene appearance temperature, the required OHTC is determined to choose a desired insulation system (type, material, and thickness.) If the flowline is to transport a sour fluid containing H2S, CO2, etc., the line should be chemically treated or a special corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) pipe material should be used. Alternatively, a corrosion allowance can be added to the required pipe wall thickness. capital expense (Capex) and operational expense (opex) using CRA, chemical injection, corrosion allowance, or combination of the above should be exercised to determine the pipe material and wall thickness.

The picture above illustrates one example of how to select pipe size from flow assurance results. The blue solid line represents inlet pressure at wellhead and the red dotted line represents outlet fluid temperature. The 8” ID pipe may require a heavy (thick) wall and the 12” ID pipe may require a thick insulation coating depending on hydrate (wax or asphaltene) formation temperature.

Fluid Sampling

One of the most critical steps in identifying and quantifying flow assurance risks is fluid sampling. Fluid samples can be obtained from downhole and/or from surface separator. It is a good practice to collect at least two downhole samples with one serving as a back-up and collect at least three one-gallon samples from the separator. A certain amount of stock tank oil samples are needed for other crude oil analyses (geochemical and crude assay).

PVT Measurements

Once the fluid samples are in the lab, numerous tests will be performed to measure the fluid properties. Compositional analysis of the downhole sample would be performed through at least C36þ, including density and molecular weight of the Heptanes plus. Pressure-Volume Relations are determined at reservoir temperature by constant mass expansion. This measurement provides oil compressibility, saturation pressure, single phase oil density, and phase volumes. The compositions and gas formation volume factors for the equilibrium reservoir gas during primary depletion can be obtained by performing differential vaporization at reservoir temperature. Gas viscosities are then calculated from the composition. Undersaturated and depleted oil viscosity at reservoir temperature can be measured by using capillary tube viscometry.

Source:

Lee, Jaeyoung. Introduction to Offshore Pipelines and Risers. 2007.

Guo, Boyun, Shanhong Song, Jacob Chacko, Ali Ghalambor. USA. 2005.

Rapid crack propagation, as its name implies, is a very fast fracture. Crack speeds up to 600 ft/sec have been measured. These fast cracks can also travel long distances, even hundreds of feet. The DuPont Company had two RCP incidents with its high-density PE pipe, one that traveled about 300 feet and the other that traveled about 800 feet.

RCP cracks usually initiate at internal defects during an impact or impulse event. They generally occur in pressurized systems with enough stored energy to drive the crack faster than the energy is released. Based on several years of RCP research, whether an RCP failure occurs in pipe depends on several factors:

Pipe size.
Internal pressure.
Temperature.
Material properties/resistance to RCP.
Pipe processing.

Typical features of an RCP crack are a sinusoidal (wavy) crack path along the pipe, and “hackle” marks along the pipe crack surface that indicate the direction of the crack. At times, the crack will bifurcate (split) into two directions as it travels along the pipe.

The study of mechanism of crack propagation under pressure fluctuations has been done by Mengshan Yu, Weixing Chen, Richard Kania, Greg Van Boven, and Jenny Been. From this study, they conclude:

Even the minor cycles whose crack propagation driving force is below CA threshold can still cause crack growth in the presence of underloads in C2 solution.
Acceleration factor can be up to 3.2 and 5.1 for tests in air and in C2 solution, respectively.
The contribution of corrosive solution to crack growth is the most at low mechanical driving force and reduces with increasing mechanical driving force.
Operating strategies for pipelines to minimize crack growth: reducing the underload occurrence, and static hold after underload.

Where Variable amplitude (VA) cyclic loadings, which are close to the actual pressure fluctuations, are studied in current investigation, since the growth rate may be very different from that under. Constant amplitude (CA): even the cycles whose crack propagation driving force is below the determined CA threshold could still cause significant crack growth. However, such minor cycles are usually ignored in the study of nearneutral pH stress corrosion cracking (NNpHSCC) of pipeline steel ever since NNpHSCC was identified, although they are the major part of actual pressure fluctuations.

Source:

http://pgjonline.com/2009/03/20/rapid-crack-propagation-increasingly-important-in-gas-applications-a-status-report/

http://www.cme.engineering.ualberta.ca/en/NewsEvents/CMENews/2014/February/~/media/cme/NewsEvents/Documents/Poster-Mengshan.pdf

To keep the conveyed fluid warm, the pipeline should be heated by active or passive methods. The active heating methods include, electric heat tracing wires wrapped around the pipeline, circulating hot water through the annulus of pipe-in-pipe, etc. The passive heating method is insulation coating, burial, covering, etc.

Oilfield pipelines are insulated mainly to conserve heat. The need to keep the product in the pipeline at a temperature higher than the ambient could exist for the following reasons including:

Preventing formation of gas hydrates
Preventing formation of wax or asphaltenes
Enhancing product flow properties
Increasing cool-down time after shutting down
Meeting other operational/process equipment requirements

In liquefied gas pipelines, such as LNG, insulation is required to maintain the cold temperature of the gas to keep it in a liquid state. This chapter describes commonly used insulation materials, insulation finish on pipes, and general requirements for insulation of offshore and deepwater pipeline.

Insulation Material

Polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyurethane are three base materials widely used in the industry for pipeline insulation. Their thermal conductivities are given in table below:

Depending on applications, these base materials are used in different forms resulting in different overall conductivities. A 3-layer polypropylene applied to pipe surface has a conductivity of 0.13 BTU/hr-ft-8F, while a 4-layer polypropylene has a conductivity of 0.10 BTU/hr-ft-8F. Solid polypropylene has higher conductivity than polypropylene foam. Polymer syntactic polyurethane has a conductivity of 0.07 BTU/hr-ft-8F, while glass syntactic polyurethane has a conductivity of 0.09 BTU/hr-ft-8F. These materials have lower conductivities in dry conditions such as that in pipe-in-pipe applications.

Because of its low thermal conductivity, more and more polyurethane foams are used in deepwater applications. Physical properties of polyurethane foams include density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, closed cell content, leachable halides, flammability, tensile strength, tensile modulus, and water absorption. The values of these properties vary depending on density of the foam.

Source:

Lee, Jaeyoung. Introduction to Offshore Pipelines and Risers. 2007.

Guo, Boyun, Shanhong Song, Jacob Chacko, Ali Ghalambor. USA. 2005.

Subsea tie-in is typically made by diver-assisted flange connectors for shallow water pipelines and diverless remotely operated vehicle (ROV) connectors for deepwater pipelines.

There are three types of connectors available: flange, clamp (Graylok type), and collet connectors. Clamp or collet connector is more favorable over the flange connector due to ROV operability, offshore connection time, and available tie-in tools from contractors.

The methods of pipeline tie-in are explained below:

Spoolpiece

Divers measure and then assist the installation of a piece of pipe to fit in between the two ends of flowline to be tied together. Misalignment of the two pipes can be accommodated by installing bends into the spool, and inaccuracies in placing the pipelines down can be accommodated when the spool is made up (after diver measurements).

The connection method can either be by flanges or welding. The welding method requires a hyperbaric habitat. From a design viewpoint, should there be large flowline expansion, then this can also be accommodated by incorporating a dogleg in the spool. This will permit expansion of the pipe without transmitting high loads into the adjacent pipe.

Lateral Pull

Lateral deflection involves positioning the flowline end to one side of the target structure and then pulling it laterally into position. The flowline may be pulled towards the target by a single wire, or a series of wires may be developed through dead-man anchors to give greater control of alignment. A bell mouth or stab-in guides usually assist final alignment.

For large diameters such as export lines or bundles, it is necessary to make a length of pipeline neutrally buoyant. This gives greater flexibility and reduces the pull forces, but can expose the pipe to large current forces.

J-tube Pull-in

This method requires the flowline to have the capacity to easily move axially over a relatively large distance. This limits the option to pulling the flowline directly from the pipelay vessel. The method of J-tube pull-in is to connect the flowline to a wire and, by pulling the wire, to pull the flowline through a riser (J-tube) up to the topsides of the platform. This method requires the J-tube to be of a reasonably large diameter compared to the flowline.

Connect and Lay Away

This method is very similar to the J-tube pull-in method with the exception that the tie-in is performed subsea. This method is usually applied in diverless operations, where a mechanical connecting system will be utilized to perform the connection. This system is mainly used at subsea manifolds/wellheads, where the water depth prohibits the use of divers. This is the only system developed for performing diverless connection of pipelines.

Stalk-on

The stalk-on method is primarily used in shallow water applications (less than 40 m) and hence would only be applicable in the Southern North Sea. The method involves laying the flowline down adjacent to the jacket it shall be tied into. The vessel maneuvers over the flowline, lifts it up and welds on (or flanges on) the jacket riser. The pipeline and riser are then lowered onto the seabed/jacket. The jacket clamps are subsequently closed around the riser.

Source:

Lee, Jaeyoung. Introduction to Offshore Pipelines and Risers. 2007.

Bai, Yong and Bai, Qiang. Subsea Pipelines And Risers. USA: Elsevier Inc. 2005.

Before I tell you more about pipe-in-pipe, I’ll tell you one fact related with this topic which I just found last night during my research:

The first known pipe-in-pipe system was installed in 1973 by Pertamina Offshore Indonesia. This pipeline was 8 miles long extending from shore to a single point mooring facility. The outer and inner diameters of this pipeline were 40" and 36" respectively.

How cool is that? Ok, now back to the main purpose of this article: to explain about pipe-in-pipe ~~and to fullfill my task assignment~~.

Due to the increased number of components in a pipe-in-pipe system compared with conventional pipelines, the design process is therefore more iterative in nature as the interactions of the components may necessitate design alteration.

A pipe-in-pipe system is essentially made up of an insulated inner pipe and a protective outer pipe. The function of the inner pipe is to convey fluids and therefore is designed for internal pressure containment. The inner pipe is insulated with thermal insulation materials to achieve the required arrival temperature. The outer pipe protects the insulation material from external hydrostatic pressure and other mechanical damage. Concrete weight coating is not normally required due to high submerged weight and usually low ocean current speeds in deepwater areas.

For the exploitation of HP/HT reservoirs, pipe-in-pipe system can provide the necessary thermal insulation and integrity for transporting hydrocarbon at high temperature (above 120 ^C) and high pressure (in excess of 10000 psi). Pipe-in-pipe system comprises a rigid steel flowline inside a rigid sleeve pipe. The two pipes are kept apart by some form of spacer at the ends of each joint, and by bulkheads at the ends of the pipeline.

The air gap between the inner and outer pipes provides the means of achieving the high thermal insulation. This air gap accommodates the insulation, which typically consists of either granular material poured into the inter-pipe annulus, or of a blanket form, which is wrapped around the inner pipe. In either case, the insulation material needs to be kept dry in order to maintain its insulation properties.

There are several conditions under which pipe-in-pipe systems (including bundles in this definition) may be considered for a particular flowline application over a conventional or flexible pipeline.